COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in the general population and under-resourced communities from high-income countries: realist review.

OBJECTIVE: To compare vaccination willingness before rollout and 1 year post-rollout uptake among the general population and under-resourced communities in high-income countries. DESIGN: A realist review. DATA SOURCES: Embase, PubMed, Dimensions ai and Google Scholar. SETTING: High-income countries. DEFINITIONS: We defined vaccination willingness as the proportion of participants willing or intending to receive vaccines prior to availability. We defined vaccine uptake as the real proportion of the population with complete vaccination as reported by each country until November 2021. RESULTS: We included data from 62 studies and 18 high-income countries. For studies conducted among general populations, the proportion of vaccination willingness was 67% (95% CI 62% to 72%). In real-world settings, the overall proportion of vaccine uptake among those countries was 73% (95% CI 69% to 76%). 17 studies reported pre-rollout willingness for under-resourced communities. The summary proportion of vaccination willingness from studies reporting results among people from under-resourced communities was 52% (95% CI 0.46% to 0.57%). Real-world evidence about vaccine uptake after rollout among under-resourced communities was limited. CONCLUSION: Our review emphasises the importance of realist reviews for assessing vaccine acceptance. Limited real-world evidence about vaccine uptake among under-resourced communities in high-income countries is a call to context-specific actions and reporting.

Early menopause and cardiovascular risk factors: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study is to evaluate the cross-sectional and longitudinal association of early natural menopause with changes in cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs). METHODS: Postmenopausal women from the Swiss CoLaus study, reporting age at natural menopause (ANM) and having CVRFs measurements (blood lipids, blood pressure, glucose, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance [HOMA-IR], and inflammatory markers) at baseline (2003-2006) and first follow-up (2009-2012) were eligible for analysis. Age at natural menopause was analyzed as a continuous variable and in categories (ANM <45 and ≥45 y old). Linear regression analysis and linear mixed models were used to assess whether ANM is associated cross-sectionally and longitudinally with changes in CVRFs. Models were adjusted for demographic characteristics, lifestyle-related factors, time since menopause, medication, and clinical conditions. RESULTS: We analyzed 981 postmenopausal women. The cross-sectional analysis showed that women with ANM younger than 45 years had lower diastolic blood pressure (ß = -3.76 mm Hg; 95% confidence interval [CI] = -5.86 to -1.65) compared with women whose ANM was 45 years or older. In the longitudinal analysis, ANM younger than 45 years was associated with changes in log insulin (ß = 0.26; 95% CI = 0.08 to 0.45) and log homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance levels (ß = 0.28; 95% CI = 0.08 to 0.48). No associations were found between ANM and other CVRFs. CONCLUSIONS: Early menopause may be associated with changes in glucose metabolism, while it may have little to no impact on other CVRFs. Larger longitudinal studies are needed to replicate our findings.

Concepts and definitions of healthy ageing: a systematic review and synthesis of theoretical models.

Background: Healthy ageing (HA) has been defined using multiple approaches. We aim to produce a comprehensive overview and analysis of the theoretical models underpinning this concept and its associated normative terms and definitions. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed HA models in Embase.com, Medline (Ovid), Cochrane CENTRAL, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Web of Science until August 2022. Original theoretical papers, concept analyses, and reviews that proposed new models were included. Operational models/definitions, development psychology theories and mechanisms of ageing were excluded. We followed an iterative approach to extract the models' characteristics and thematically analyze them based on the approach of Walker and Avant. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021238796). Findings: Out of 10,741 records, we included 59 papers comprising 65 models/definitions, published in English (1960-2022) from 16 countries in Europe, Asia, and America. Human ageing was described using 12 normative terms, mainly (models (%)): successful (34 (52%)), healthy (eight (12%)), well (five (8%)), and active (four (6%)). We identified intrinsic/extrinsic factors interacting throughout the life course, adaptive processes as attributes, and outcomes describing ageing patterns across objective and subjective dimensions (number of models/definitions): cognitive (62), psychological (53), physical (49), social (49), environmental (19), spiritual (16), economic (13), cultural (eight), political (six), and demographic (four) dimensions. Three types of models emerged: health-state outcomes (three), adaptations across the life course (31), or a combination of both (31). Two additional sub-classifications emphasized person-environment congruence and health promotion. Interpretation: HA conceptualizations highlight its multidimensionality and complexity that renders a monistic model/definition challenging. It has become evident that life long person-environment interactions, adaptations, environments, and health promotion/empowerment are essential for HA. Our model classification provides a basis for harmonizing terms and dimensions that can guide research and comparisons of empirical findings, and inform social and health policies enabling HA for various populations and contexts. Funding: MM, ZMRD, and OI are supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant No 801076, and MM is also supported by the Swiss National Foundation grant No 189235.

COVID-19 in Health-Care Workers: A Living Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prevalence, Risk Factors, Clinical Characteristics, and Outcomes.

Health-care workers (HCWs) are at the frontline of response to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), being at a higher risk of acquiring the disease and, subsequently, exposing patients and others. Searches of 8 bibliographic databases were performed to systematically review the evidence on the prevalence, risk factors, clinical characteristics, and prognosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection among HCWs. A total of 97 studies (all published in 2020) met the inclusion criteria. The estimated prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection from HCWs' samples, using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and the presence of antibodies, was 11% (95% confidence interval (CI): 7, 15) and 7% (95% CI: 4, 11), respectively. The most frequently affected personnel were nurses (48%, 95% CI: 41, 56), whereas most of the COVID-19-positive medical personnel were working in hospital nonemergency wards during screening (43%, 95% CI: 28, 59). Anosmia, fever, and myalgia were the only symptoms associated with HCW SARS-CoV-2 positivity. Among HCWs positive for COVID-19 by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, 40% (95% CI: 17, 65) were asymptomatic at time of diagnosis. Finally, severe clinical complications developed in 5% (95% CI: 3, 8) of the COVID-19-positive HCWs, and 0.5% (95% CI: 0.02, 1.3) died. Health-care workers suffer a significant burden from COVID-19, with those working in hospital nonemergency wards and nurses being the most commonly infected personnel.

Validación de constructo de la escala Zung en pacientes con falla cardíaca / Zung Scale Construct Validation in Heart Failure Patients / Validação do construto da escala de Zung em pacientes com insuciência cardíaca

Introducción: la escala Zung para depresión ha sido previamente utilizada en pacientes con falla cardíaca; sin embargo, en nuestro conocimiento no se encuentra evidencia de su validez para la versión en español, ni su uso en población adulta con falla cardíaca en Colombia. Objetivo: determinar la validez de constructo de la escala Zung para depresión en su versión original y proponer una versión abreviada para pacientes adultos con falla cardíaca. Método: estudio de corte transversal, realizado en 200 pacientes de una clínica de falla y trasplante cardiaco, a quienes se aplicó la Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale. Se evaluó la consistencia interna por medio del alfa de Cronbach, y el análisis factorial fue utilizado para identificar las dimensiones del instrumento. Resultados: la consistencia interna de la versión original de la escala (20 ítems) fue de α = 0,811. El análisis de factores mostró una estructura compuesta por tres de ellos que explican el 51,59 % de la varianza total. La nueva versión abreviada (13 ítems) obtuvo un α = 0,819, y los ítems correlacionaron con un único factor que explicó el 33,54 % de la varianza total. Discusión: Nuestros hallazgos son similares a los encontrados por otros autores en diferentes poblaciones a la estudiada. Conclusiones: se evidenció validez de constructo tanto para la escala Zung, para depresión, en su versión original, como para la abreviada, creada en la población estudiada. Sin embargo, se requieren estudios adicionales que verifiquen estos hallazgos en una muestra representativa, y que otros aspectos de la psicometría sean evaluados.

Introduction: the Zung scale for depression has previously been used in patients with heart failure; However, to our knowledge, there is no evidence of its validity for the Spanish version, nor its use in the adult population with heart failure in Colombia. Objective: to determine the construct validity of the Zung scale for depression in its original version and propose an abbreviated version for adult patients with heart failure. Method: A cross sectional study was carried out in 200 patients from a heart failure and transplant clinic to whom the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale was applied. Internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha, and factor analysis was used to identify the instrument's dimensions. Results: the internal consistency of the original version of the scale (20 items) was α = 0.811. The factor analysis showed a structure composed of three that explains 51.59% of the total variance. The new abbreviated version (13 items) obtained α = 0.819, and the items correlated with a single factor that explained 33.54% of the total variance. Discussion: Our findings are similar to those found by other authors in different populations from the one studied. Conclusions: construct validity was evidenced for both the Zung scale for depression, in its original version, and the abbreviated version created in the studied population.

Introdução: a escala de Zung para depressão foi usada anteriormente em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca. No entanto, até onde sabemos, não há evidências de sua validade para a versão em espanhol, nem seu uso na população adulta com insuficiência cardíaca na Colômbia. Objetivo: determinar a validade de construto da escala de Zung para depressão em sua versão original e propor uma versão abreviada para pacientes adultos com insuficiência cardíaca. Método: estudo transversal, realizado com 200 pacientes de uma clínica de insuciência cardíaca e transplante, aos quais foi aplicada a Zung Self Rating Depression Scale. A consistência interna foi avaliada por meio do alfa de Cronbach e a análise fatorial foi utilizada para identificar as dimensões do instrumento. Resultados: a consistência interna da versão original da escala (20 itens) foi α = 0,811. A análise fatorial mostrou uma estrutura composta por três deles que explicam 51,59% da variância total. A nova versão abreviada (13 itens) obteve α = 0,819, e os itens se correlacionaram com um único fator que explicou 33,54% da variância total. Discussão: Nossos achados são semelhantes aos encontrados por outros autores em populações diferentes da estudada. Conclusões: a validade de construto foi evidenciada tanto para a escala de Zung, para depressão, em sua versão original, quanto para a versão abreviada, elaborada na população estudada. No entanto, estudos adicionais são necessários para verificar esses achados em uma amostra representativa e que forem avaliados outros aspectos da psicometria

Psychometric Properties of the Functional Social Support Domain of Perinatal Infant Care Social Support.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the face, content, construct validity, and reliability of the functional social support domain of Perinatal Infant Care Social Support (PICSS) translated into Spanish and adapted for first-time mothers of term babies. METHODS: Validation study of the functional social support domain of PICSS, which has 22 items with response options from 1 to 4; higher scores indicate greater social support. A translation, back-translation, and cultural adaptation process took place along with an expert review to evaluate face and content validity. In total, 210 mothers participated to establish construct validity and the reliability of the domain. The content validity index and factor analysis were used to identify the structure of the domain. Reliability was estimated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. RESULTS: Linguistic and cultural adaptations were performed, along with validation and reliability. Face validity for mothers was the following: high comprehension (94%); and for experts: high comprehension (95.83%), high clarity (96.53%), and high precision (92.82%). In relevance and pertinence, the content validity index was high (0.97). Construct validation identified two factors that explained 76% of the variance of the domain evaluated: factor 1 "Supporting presence -emotional and appraisal support" (13 items, 39%) and factor 2 "Practical support -informational and instrumental support-" (9 items, 37%). Cronbach's alpha value was 0.97. CONCLUSIONS: Given the robust psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the functional social support domain of PICSS, this may be used to identify the functional social support in the mothers.

Anemia and iron metabolism in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Iron metabolism and anemia may play an important role in multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate biomarkers of anemia and iron metabolism (hemoglobin, ferritin, transferrin, soluble transferrin receptor, hepcidin, haptoglobin, unsaturated iron-binding capacity, erythropoietin, free erythrocyte protoporphyrine, and erythrocyte indices) in patients diagnosed with COVID-19, and explored their prognostic value. Six bibliographic databases were searched up to August 3rd 2020. We included 189 unique studies, with data from 57,563 COVID-19 patients. Pooled mean hemoglobin and ferritin levels in COVID-19 patients across all ages were 129.7 g/L (95% Confidence Interval (CI), 128.51; 130.88) and 777.33 ng/mL (95% CI, 701.33; 852.77), respectively. Hemoglobin levels were lower with older age, higher percentage of subjects with diabetes, hypertension and overall comorbidities, and admitted to intensive care. Ferritin level increased with older age, increasing proportion of hypertensive study participants, and increasing proportion of mortality. Compared to moderate cases, severe COVID-19 cases had lower hemoglobin [weighted mean difference (WMD), - 4.08 g/L (95% CI - 5.12; - 3.05)] and red blood cell count [WMD, - 0.16 × 1012 /L (95% CI - 0.31; - 0.014)], and higher ferritin [WMD, - 473.25 ng/mL (95% CI 382.52; 563.98)] and red cell distribution width [WMD, 1.82% (95% CI 0.10; 3.55)]. A significant difference in mean ferritin levels of 606.37 ng/mL (95% CI 461.86; 750.88) was found between survivors and non-survivors, but not in hemoglobin levels. Future studies should explore the impact of iron metabolism and anemia in the pathophysiology, prognosis, and treatment of COVID-19.

Validación de un instrumento para medir la adherencia al tratamiento en hipertensión y diabetes / Validação de um instrumento para medir a adesão ao tratamento em hipertensão e diabetes / Validation of an instrument to measure treatment adherence in hypertension and diabetes

Introducción: La hipertensión y la diabetes mellitus son enfermedades crónicas que representan una importante carga tanto económica como social. El manejo de estas patologías requiere de estrategias que involucran cambios en el estilo de vida, cumplimiento del tratamiento farmacológico y monitoreo eficaz de la enfermedad. Usualmente, la medición del cumplimiento se enfoca en el tratamiento farmacológico, dejando de lado el enfoque integral que involucra diferentes recomendaciones que son clave para el adecuado control de estas enfermedades. Objetivo: Determinar la validez de constructo y reproducibilidad de la etiqueta de resultado de enfermería "Conducta terapéutica: enfermedad o lesión (1609)" para medir la adherencia al régimen terapéutico en personas con hipertensión arterial y diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio de corte transversal realizado en 500 usuarios de programas de riesgo cardiovascular en Bucaramanga-Colombia. Se diseñó un instrumento para medir la adherencia al tratamiento con base en la taxonomía Clasificación de Resultados de Enfermería, recomendaciones vigentes de la literatura científica y la experiencia de los investigadores. La validez de constructo fue evaluada a través de un análisis factorial de componentes principales y bajo la metodología Rasch. La reproducibilidad por medio del coeficiente de correlación intraclase en 100 usuarios. Resultados: Se obtuvo un instrumento de 13 ítems que representan 5 indicadores de la etiqueta de resultado de enfermería 1609, los cuales explicaron el 67.62% de la variación total y se ajustaron al modelo Rasch (unidimensionalidad del constructo adherencia). La reproducibilidad fue del 0.63 (IC 95% 0.46 - 0.75). Discusión y Conclusiones: Se encontró evidencia de la validez de constructo del instrumento que operacionaliza la etiqueta de resultado de enfermería (1609) para la medición de la adherencia al régimen terapéutico en pacientes con hipertensión y diabetes.

Introduction: Hypertension and diabetes mellitus are chronic diseases imposing a significant economic and social burden. Managing these diseases requires lifestyle changes, adherence to drug treatment and effective disease monitoring. Measuring compliance usually focuses on drug treatment, leaving aside the comprehensive approach which involves different key recommendations for appropriate control of these diseases. Objective: To determine the construct and reproducibility validity of the Nursing Outcomes Classification label "Therapeutic behavior: illness or injury (1609)" to measure adherence to the therapeutic regimen in people with hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 500 users of cardiovascular risk reduction programs in Bucaramanga, Colombia. An instrument was designed to measure adherence to treatment based on the Nursing Outcomes Classification taxonomy, current recommendations from scientific literature and researchers experience. Construct validity was assessed using a principal component factor analysis based on the Rasch model. Reproducibility was validated using the intraclass correlation coefficient in 100 users. Results: A 13-item instrument comprising 5 indicators of the Nursing Outcome Classification label (1609) was developed, which explained 67.62% of the total variation, fitting the Rasch model (unidimensionality of the adherence construct). Reproducibility was 0.63 (95% CI 0.46-0.75). Conclusions: Evidence was found for the construct validity of the instrument operationalizing the Nursing Outcomes Classification label (1906) for the measurement of adherence to the therapeutic regimen in patients with hypertension and diabetes.

Introdução: Hipertensão arterial e diabetes mellitus são doenças crônicas que representam uma carga econômica e social significativa. A gestão das doenças requer estratégias que envolvam mudanças no estilo de vida, adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso e monitoramento eficaz das doenças. Normalmente, a medição da conformidade se concentra no tratamento medicamentoso, deixando de lado a abordagem integral que envolve diferentes recomendações que são fundamentais para o controle adequado dessas doenças. Objetivo: Determinar a validade da construção e reprodutibilidade da etiqueta de Classificação dos Resultados de Enfermagem "Conduta terapêutica: doença ou lesão (1609)" para medir a adesão ao regime terapêutico de pessoas com pressão alta e diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado entre 500 usuários de programas de risco cardiovascular em Bucaramanga-Colômbia. Um instrumento foi projetado para medir a adesão ao tratamento com base na taxonomia da Classificação dos Resultados de Enfermagem, recomendações atuais da literatura científica e experiência dos pesquisadores. A validade da construção foi avaliada através de uma análise dos principais fatores componentes de acordo com a metodologia Rasch. A reprodutibilidade foi validada por meio do coeficiente de correlação intraclasse em 100 usuários. Resultados: Foi obtido um instrumento de 13 itens contendo 5 indicadores da Etiqueta de Resultados de Enfermagem 1609, que explicou 67,62% da variação total e se encaixa no modelo Rasch (unidimensionalidade da construção de adesão). A reprodutibilidade foi de 0,63 (IC de 95% 0,46 - 0,75). Conclusões: Encontramos evidências da validade da construção do instrumento que operacionaliza a etiqueta de Classificação dos Resultados de Enfermagem (1609) para medir a adesão ao regime terapêutico de pacientes com hipertensão e diabetes.

Psychometric Properties of the Functional Social Support Domain of Perinatal Infant Care Social Support

Objective. To determine the face, content, construct validity, and reliability of the functional social support domain of Perinatal Infant Care Social Support (PICSS) translated into Spanish and adapted for first-time mothers of term babies. Methods. Validation study of the functional social support domain of PICSS, which has 22 items with response options from 1 to 4; higher scores indicate greater social support. A translation, back-translation, and cultural adaptation process took place along with an expert review to evaluate face and content validity. In total, 210 mothers participated to establish construct validity and the reliability of the domain. The content validity index and factor analysis were used to identify the structure of the domain. Reliability was estimated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Results. Linguistic and cultural adaptations were performed, along with validation and reliability. Face validity for mothers was the following: high comprehension (94%); and for experts: high comprehension (95.83%), high clarity (96.53%), and high precision (92.82%). In relevance and pertinence, the content validity index was high (0.97). Construct validation identified two factors that explained 76% of the variance of the domain evaluated: factor 1 "Supporting presence -emotional and appraisal support" (13 items, 39%) and factor 2 "Practical support -informational and instrumental support-" (9 items, 37%). Cronbach's alpha value was 0.97. Conclusion. Given the robust psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the functional social support domain of PICSS, this may be used to identify the functional social support in the mothers.

Objetivo. Determinar la validez facial, de contenido, de constructo y confiabilidad del dominio de apoyo social funcional del Perinatal Infant Care Social Support (PICSS) traducido al español y adaptado para madres primerizas de bebés a término. Métodos. Estudio de validación del dominio de apoyo social funcional del PICSS, el cual tiene 22 ítems con opciones de respuesta de 1 a 4, cuanto más alto sea el puntaje es mayor el apoyo social. Se llevó a cabo un proceso de traducción, retrotraducción y adaptación cultural y una revisión por expertos para evaluar la validez facial y de contenido. Un total de 210 madres participaron para establecer la validez de constructo y la confiabilidad del dominio. Se utilizó el índice de validez de contenido y el análisis de factores para identificar la estructura del dominio. La confiabilidad se estimó mediante el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. Resultados. Se realizaron adaptaciones lingüísticas y culturales, validación y confiabilidad. La validez facial para las madres fue la siguiente: alta comprensión (94%); y para expertos: alta comprensión (95.83%), alta claridad (96.53%) y alta precisión (92.82%). En relevancia y pertinencia el índice de validez de contenido fue alto (0.97). La validación de constructo identificó dos factores que explicaron el 76% de la varianza del dominio evaluado: factor 1 "Presencia de apoyo -apoyo emocional y de valoración" (13 ítems, 39%) y factor 2 "Apoyo práctico -apoyo informativo e instrumental-" (9 ítems, 37%). El valor alfa Cronbach fue 0.97. Conclusión. Dadas las robustas propiedades psicométricas de la versión en español del dominio de apoyo social funcional del PICSS este puede usarse para identificar en las madres el apoyo social funcional.

Objetivo. Determinar a validez facial, do conteúdo, de construto e confiabilidade do domínio de apoio social funcional do Perinatal Infant Care Social Support (PICSS) traduzido ao espanhol e adaptado para futuras mães de bebés a término. Métodos. Estudo de validação do domínio de apoio social funcional de PICSS, o qual tem 22 itens com opções de resposta de 1 a 4, quanto mais alto seja a pontuação é maior o apoio social. Se levou a cabo um processo de tradução, retro-tradução e adaptação cultural de acordo e uma revisão por especialistas para avaliar a validez facial e de conteúdo. Um total de 210 mães participaram para estabelecer a validez de construto e a confiabilidade do domínio. Se utilizou o índice de validez de conteúdo e a análise de fatores para identificar a estrutura do domínio. A confiabilidade se estimou mediante o coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. Resultados. Se realizaram adaptações linguísticas e culturais, validação e confiabilidade. A validez facial para as mães foi a seguinte: alta compreensão (94%); e para especialistas: alta compreensão (95.83%), alta claridade (96.53%) e alta precisão (92.82%). Em relevância e pertinência o índice de validez de conteúdo foi alto (0.97). A validação de construto identificou dois fatores que explicaram 76% da variável do domínio avaliado: fator 1 "Presença de apoio -apoio emocional e de valorização" (13 itens, 39%) e fator 2 "Apoio prático -apoio informativo e instrumental-" (9 itens, 37%). O valor alfa Cronbach foi de 0.97. Conclusão. Dadas as robustas propriedades psicométricas da versão em espanhol do domínio de apoio social funcional de PICSS este pode usar-se para identificar nas mães o apoio social funcional.

Psychometric Properties of the Spanish Version of the Perceived Maternal Parenting Self-efficacy (PMP S-E) Tool for Primiparous Women.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the validity and the reliability of the Perceived Maternal Parenting Self-Efficacy tool translated into Spanish and adapted to be used among primiparous women of term babies. METHODS: Validation study. A total of 210 women participated in the survey to establish construct validity and reliability. The questionnaire has 20 items and four subscales. The higher the score, the higher the self-efficacy. A process of translation/back-translation and cultural adaptation in accordance with international standards and an expert review were conducted to test face and content validity. The Validity Content Index and an exploratory factor analysis were used to identify the structure of the questionnaire. Reliability was estimated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. RESULTS: Linguistic and cultural adaptation, validation and reliability were performed. Face validity for women was as follows: high comprehension (99%); and for experts: medium comprehension (84.1%), medium clarity (83.9%) and medium precision (80%). Concerning pertinence, the content validity index was 0.93 (i.e., highly pertinent). Concerning relevance, the content validity index was 0.96 (i.e., highly relevant). Factor validation identified four factors that accounted for 91% of the variance. Overall Cronbach's alpha value was 0.98 (IC 95 0.97-0.98). CONCLUSIONS FOR PRACTICE: Given the robust properties of the Spanish version of the Perceived Maternal Parenting Self-efficacy, it may be used to identify women with low self-efficacy and to assess the effectiveness of health-based interventions.

Planes de cuidados enfermeros de estudiantes de pregrado: comparación de dos modelos / Nursing care plans of undergraduate students: Comparison of two models

Resumen Introducción: El modelo AREA (Análisis de Resultado Esperado Actual) plantea la importancia de reorientar la enseñanza y el aprendizaje del proceso de enfermería al pensarlo en términos más amplios, panorámicos y reflexivos; facilitando el desarrollo de habilidades de razonamiento clínico, lo que constituye un gran avance para la enseñanza y la práctica en la toma de decisiones clínicas que integra NANDA, NIC y NOC. Los nuevos lineamientos estructurados desde el modelo OPT superan la visión lineal, fraccionada e instrumental de las cinco etapas del proceso de enfermería. Objetivo: Comparar dos modelos de aplicación del proceso de enfermería (generación 2 y 3), en la elaboración de planes de cuidados por parte de estudiantes del programa de enfermería de una institución de educación superior de Bucaramanga (Colombia). Metodología: Estudio de corte transversal. Participaron 33 estudiantes de quinto nivel del programa de enfermería de la UIS. Se definieron las variables y se diseñaron los instrumentos que permitieron evaluar y comparar la aplicación del proceso de enfermería de la segunda y tercera generación. Resultados: Se identificó preferencia por el modelo tercera generación como guía para el abordaje de casos clínicos; sin embargo, es importante resaltar que los estudiantes no encontraron diferencias significativas en aspectos de articulación teórica, ni en la aplicación de los lenguajes NIC y NOC. Los estudiantes encuentran diferencias significativas en el uso del modelo OPT en aspectos relacionados con el razonamiento clínico, la determinación de la esencia del caso, el respaldo diagnóstico y la identificación del diagnóstico de enfermería. Conclusiones: Ampliar la enseñanza del modelo OPT en todos los cursos del programa de enfermería UIS, facilitará una mayor comprensión de los procesos de pensamiento del estudiante y mayor capacidad de adaptar experiencias para satisfacer las necesidades individuales de aprendizaje; igualmente, fortalecerá el currículo y por ende las prácticas docentes.

Abstract Introduction: The OPT model (Outcome Present State Test) raises the importance of reorienting the teaching and learning of the nursing process when thinking about it in broader, panoramic and reflective terms; it facilitates the development of clinical reasoning skills, which is a breakthrough for teaching and practice in making clinical decisions that integrate NANDA, NIC and NOC. The new guidelines structured from the OPT model, overcome the linear, fractional and instrumental vision of the five stages of the nursing process. Objective: To compare two nursing process application models (generation 2 and generation 3), in the elaboration of care plans by students of the nursing program of a higher education institution of Bucaramanga (Colombia). Methodology: Cross-sectional study. With participation of 33 students from the fifth level of UIS nursing program UIS. Variables were defined and the instruments to evaluate and compare the application of the nursing process of the second and third generations were designed. Results: Preference for the third generation model was identified as a guide for addressing clinical cases; however, it is important to note that the students did not find significant differences in aspects of theoretical articulation, nor in the application of NIC and NOC languages. Students find significant differences in the use of OPT model in aspects related to clinical reasoning, case essence determination, diagnostic support and in the nursing diagnosis identification. Conclusions: Expanding the teaching of the OPT model in all courses of the nursing program UIS, will facilitate a greater understanding of the student's thinking processes and a greater ability to adapt experiences to meet individual learning needs; it will also strengthen the curriculum and therefore the teaching practices.

Calidad de vida en adultos mayores con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica / Quality of life in older adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease / Qualidade de vida em idosos com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica

Introducción: Laenfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica es una importante causa de mortalidad y morbilidad a nivel mundial y tiene efectos psicosociales y fisiopatológicos que repercuten de manera significativa en la calidad de vida de quienes la padecen. Objetivo:Evaluar la calidad de vida de pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica a través del instrumento SF-36, versión en español para Colombia (SF-36 v2), en un servicio de consulta externa de Floridablanca, Colombia, durante el año 2015. Metodología: Estudio de corte transversal descriptivo realizado en 40 pacientes con diagnóstico de enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica que asistieron al servicio de consulta externa por Neumología entre los meses de febrero y noviembre de 2015. El cuestionario SF-36 v2 fue diligenciado por todos los participantes; previamente, se firmó el consentimiento informado. La base de datos fue digitada, bajo licencia, en QualityMetric Health Outcomes™ Scoring Software 4.0. Resultados: Participaron 40 pacientes, con una edad media de 73 (DE ± 8.4) años. En las dimensiones de funcionamiento físico se encontraron valores inferiores a 50; por otra parte, las dimensiones Funcionamiento Social y Rol Emocional presentaron valores superiores y cercanos a los reportados por población sana. Conclusiones:Los pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica mostraron una disminución en la calidad de vida comparado con los valores de referencia en población en general en sus dos componentes: físico y mental. Se ratifica el impacto que tiene esta enfermedad en todas las subescalas que componen este constructo, especialmente en el componente físico

Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is one the most significant causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. It has psychosocial and pathophysiological effects that impact in a significant way to those who suffer from it. Objective: To evaluate quality of life from patients suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease through the SF-36 survey (Spanish version for Colombia (SF-36 v2)) made during an external medical appointment made in Floridablanca, Colombia in 2015. Methodology:Descriptive cross sectional study performed to 40 patients diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. These patients attended to external pulmonology medical appointments between February and November of 2015 and filled out the short form SF-36 v2 after signing informed consent. The database was created under license using QualityMetric Health Outcomes™ Scoring Software 4.0. Results: 40 patients, with an average age of 73 years (DE ± 8.4), participated in this study. When analyzing data, it was found that the physical functioning dimensions were values lower than 50. On the other hand, it was found that dimensions related to social functioning and emotional role had higher values and close to the ones reported by healthy population. Conclusions: Patients diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease showed a decrease in quality of life, in both of its dimensions: physical and mental, compared to healthy population's reference values. It is ratified that this disease impacts all sub-scales of this construct, specially the ones related to the physical component

Introdução: Adoença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica é uma importante causa de mortalidade e morbidade em todo o mundo e tem efeitos psicossociais e fisiopatológicos que têm um impacto significativo na qualidade de vida daqueles que sofrem com ela. Objetivo: Avaliar a qualidade de vida de pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica através do instrumento SF-36, versão em espanhol para a Colômbia (SF-36 v2), em um serviço ambulatorial de Floridablanca, Colômbia, durante 2015. Metodologia:Estudo descritivo de corte transversal feito em 40 pacientes com diagnóstico de doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica que compareceram ao ambulatório de Pneumologia entre os meses de fevereiro e novembro de 2015. O questionário SF-36 v2 foi preenchido por todos os participantes; anteriormente, o consentimento informado foi assinado. O banco de dados foi digitado, sob licença, em Quality Metric Health Outcomes™ Scoring Software 4.0. Resultados:Participaram 40 pacientes, com média de idade de 73 (DE ± 8.4) anos. Nas dimensões do funcionamento físico, valores menores que 50 foram encontrados; por outro lado, as dimensões do Funcionamento Social e do Papel Emocional apresentaram valores superiores e próximos aos relatados pela população saudável. Conclusões: Os pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica apresentaram diminuição da qualidade de vida em relação aos valores de referência na população geral em seus dois componentes: físico e mental. O impacto desta doença em todas as subescalas que compõem este construto, especialmente no componente físico, é confirmado

Validación e índices de calidad de las escalas de Braden y Norton / Validity and Quality indices of Braden and Norton scales

Objetivo: determinar la validez de criterio e índices de calidad de la sensibilidad, especificidad y eficiencia de las Escalas de Braden y Norton en pacientes adultos hospitalizados. Método: estudio de validación de tecnologías diagnósticas anidado en una cohorte prospectiva. Criterio de inclusión, ser mayor 18 años y no presentar úlcera por presión al ingreso. La validez de criterio se evaluó a través de la sensibilidad, especificidad, valores predictivos, likelihood ratios, índices de calidad, área bajo la curva y riesgo relativo. Resultados: un total de 938 personas evaluadas, un 5,1% (IC 95%: 3,6-6,4) presentó al menos una úlcera por presión. Para los puntos de corte ≤18 Braden y ≤17 Norton se obtuvieron sensibilidades del 89,8% y 83,7% e índices de calidad de 0,82 y 0,77, respectivamente; los índices de calidad de la especificidad presentaron valores inferiores a 0,20. Conclusión: la escala de Braden presentó un mejor balance en sus propiedades psicométricas para la evaluación individual del riesgo de desarrollar UPP; sin embargo, los índices de calidad para la especificidad de ambas escalas revelan un bajo rendimiento

Aim: To determine the construct and criterion validity, quality indices of sensitivity, specificity and efficiency of the Braden and Norton Scales in adult patients hospitalized. Methods: Validation of diagnostic technologies nested in a prospective cohort. Inclusion criteria: be 18 years old or older and do not have pressure ulcer at admission. Criterion validity was assessed by sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, likelihood ratios, quality indices and AUC, relative risk. Results: 938 people tested, 5.1% (95% CI 3.6 - 6.4) had at least one pressure ulcer. It was calculated for the cutoffs ≤18 Braden and ≤17 Norton sensitivities of 89.8 and 83.7% and quality indices of 0.82 and 0.77, respectively; quality indices of specificity showed values below 0.20. Conclusion: The Braden scale presented a better balance in its psychometric properties for individual risk assessment of developing UPP; however, the quality indices for the specificity of both scales reveal poor performance

Usefulness of the Diagnosis "Decreased Cardiac Output (00029)" in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the clinical and construct validity of the nursing diagnosis "decreased cardiac output" (DCO) in patients with chronic heart failure. METHODS: Cross-sectional study. RESULTS: A total of 200 people were studied. The defining characteristics with the highest prevalence were as follows: arrhythmia (62.5%) and fatigue (61.5%). Adjustment measures such as infit and outfit were maintained between 0.50 and 1.56 and the total variance explained by the measures was 29.3%. CONCLUSIONS: This study determined the clinical validity of the nursing diagnosis DCO. Regarding construct validity, adjustment of the defining characteristics to the Rasch model was observed. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: This study improves the evidence-based practice of nursing and strengthened the role of the nurse who leads care to this population. OBJETIVO: Determinar la validez clínica y de constructo del diagnóstico de enfermería "Disminución del Gasto Cardíaco" en pacientes con falla cardíaca crónica. MÉTODOS: Estudio de corte transversal. RESULTADOS: Un total de 200 pacientes fueron estudiados. Las características definitorias con las mayores prevalencias fueron: arritmia (62.5%) y fatiga (61.5%). Medidas de ajuste como el infit y outfit se mantuvieron entre 0.50 y 1.56. El total de la varianza explicada por las medidas fue de 29.3%. CONCLUSIONES: Este estudio determinó la validez clínica del diagnóstico de enfermería "Disminución del Gasto Cardíaco". En cuanto a la validez de constructo, se observó que 19 de las 21 características definitorias se ajustaron al modelo Rasch. IMPLICACIONES PARA LA PRÁCTICA DE ENFERMERÍA: Este estudio mejora la práctica basada en la evidencia de enfermería y fortalece el rol de las enfermeras que lideran el cuidado en esta población.

Cambios persistentes en conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas sobre sexualidad en adolescentes y jóvenes escolarizados de cuatro municipios de Santander - Colombia / Persistent changes in knowledge, attitudes and practices related to sexuality in adolescents and young students from four municipalities in Santander - Colombia

Introducción: La educación para la sexualidad hace parte del compromiso de formación integral de las instituciones educativas en Colombia; por eso evaluar características de estos procesos educativos y buscar asociación con cambios en conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas en adolescentes y jóvenes, aporta información para reorientar y enriquecer estrategias y programas en este campo. Metodología: Estudio observacional de corte longitudinal analítico en adolescentes y jóvenes entre 12 y 19 años quienes recibieron un proceso de educación para la sexualidad y tres mediciones de conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas mediante encuesta, previo consentimiento informado. La última medición se hizo dos años después del proceso educativo inicial. En el análisis se buscó la asociación de variables mediante coeficiente de correlación de Spearman, la t de Student o chi cuadrado dependiendo del tipo y características de las variables. Resultados: Grupos de 244, 111 y 139 estudiantes participaron en las mediciones. En conocimientos se encontró diferencia significativa por sexo a favor de las mujeres y mejores conocimientos en el grupo que ha tenido relaciones sexuales, en tanto que las actitudes fueron mejores entre quienes no las han tenido; así mismo se encontró correlación entre actitudes y prácticas. Las técnicas didácticas con significancia estadística fueron el cine-foro para conocimientos y el taller para actitudes. Y como agente educativo solo mostró diferencia el personal de bienestar estudiantil para trabajar las actitudes. Conclusiones: Es necesario continuar desarrollando investigación sobre los procesos de educación para la sexualidad, pues la efectividad del trabajo educativo observado en la persistencia e integralidad de cambios en conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas aún deja muchos interrogantes. Salud UIS 2012; 44 (2):21-33.

Introduction: The education for sexuality is part of the commitment to integral formation made by educative institutions in Colombia; therefore, the evaluation of these features of the educative processes and the search of association with changes in knowledge, attitudes and practices among adolescents and youngsters provide information to guide and enrich strategies and programs in this field. Methodology: Observational and analytical longitudinal study among adolescents and youngsters with age between 12 and 19 years who received an educational process for sexuality and three measures tests of their knowledge, attitudes and practices were taken throughout a inquest, with a previous informed consent. The last measurement was done two years later from the initial educative process. In the analysis the association of variables was sought out using the Spearman correlation coefficient, the Student's T distribution or chi squared test depending on the type and characteristics of the variables. Results: groups of 244, 111 and 139 students participated in the measuring. In terms of their knowledge a significant difference was found between genders favoring women and the group who has had sexual intercourse; in contrast, the attitudes were best between those who have not had it. Likewise, it was found that there was a correlation between attitudes and practices. The didactic techniques with a statistical significance were the movie forum for knowledge and the workshop for attitudes. As educative agent the students welfare staff was the only that showed a difference when working with attitudes. Conclusions: Since the effectiveness of the educative training observed in the persistence and integrality of changes in knowledge, attitudes and practices still leaves many questions, it is necessary to continue the development of research about the processes of education for sexuality. Salud UIS 2012; 44 (2):21-33.